On September 27, Robert T. Tally, Jr., a student of Fredric Jameson, wrote in an obituary for the famed Marxist literary critic that “Others have noted, dialectically or ironically, that this” – the fact that Jameson’s death marks the end of an epoch – “is itself a profoundly anti-Jamesonian view, for it expresses a vision in which it is easier to imagine the end of the world than the end of Jameson.”1 It so happens that this unnamed “others” is Slavoj Žižek, who wrote in his obituary of September 24, that on the day of his death, “it was not Jameson who died; death just happened to him – it is easier to imagine the end of capitalism than the death of Jameson.”2 This closing line is also used as a subtitle to Žižek article, which makes it hard to miss. I have not gone searching far and wide to discover whether others have in fact said anything similar. I doubt it. The reason is simple enough, and Tally’s greater familiarity with Jameson does not gainsay the fact that Žižek has been discussing the paradoxes of immortality in his own writings for decades. Žižek is not content to comment on Jameson’s work without reference to his own. Not only does Tally’s article not name Žižek, but he inverts the point of Žižek’s use of the Jamesonian phrase that Žižek, in fact, made famous: “It is easier to imagine the end of the world than the end of capitalism,” which is Žižek’ version of this aphorism. This speaks to the many differences between the two articles, with Tally iterating the Cultural Studies cliché that for Jameson there were always positive and utopian prospects within the most negative ideological elements. Perhaps one can imagine that the end of world would bring some relief to the animals of Earth. Whereas Žižek can stand beside Jameson as both a thinker and an equally avid consumer of culture, the student relies on insider referencs and sophomoric tit for tat to make his points. To put things in terms of ancient sculpture, one is the Greek original, able to stand on its own, the other is the Roman knock-off that relies on the prop of subterfuge.
Žižek’s remarks in his essay that Jameson’s work investigated conspiracy as an aspect of cognitive mapping, not as feature of everyday gossip and frivolous intrigue. This remark was raised in the prologue to Douglas Lain’s discussion with Fabio Vighi on the Sublation Media YouTube channel, along with a thumbnail that promised to say something about the “Žižek Left,” which was either not discussed or reserved for Patreon subscribers.3 The September 30 comment I left on that episode includes the following:
“There are few significant commentators on Žižek, though many commentators, and Vighi with Feldner's book, Žižek: Beyond Foucault, is highly recommended. Beyond this, it is hard to argue [as Vighi does] that capital does not need labour when today there are more workers performing labour tasks than ever before. The working class, even in the United States, is approximately 70 percent of the population. Even if it is not organized or unionized, that does not mean that it does not exist, that capitalism is not exploiting labour, or that we have moved beyond production. The fact is that workers need to be better organized and that in no way requires something like the full autonomist spectrum of exodus and emphasis on pleasure, leisure, etc, which are ideas that are not outside the development of capitalism since the nineteenth century. Lefebvre had a more practical understanding of this issue, for example. Vighi’s new versus old rhetoric is somewhat pointless since art and culture, and intellectual production, simply continue, now more than ever, without needing to be ideologized. Regarding the Deleuzian injunction to not reterritorialize labour, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels said the same thing and perhaps said it in a better overall intellectual framework than Gilles Deleuze’s postmodern binaries. As for people not being their real self but becoming avatars, that virtuality is already implicit in subjectivity, and Vighi said it perfectly: the problem is going from bad to worse. For example, the rejection of autonomy by post-structuralists because it has a bourgeois legacy is typically used by these same theorists to reject Marxism along with it and lead the left down the postmodern path that has supplemented rather than challenged neoliberalism. The argument seems to be, let us not go back to the pre-postmodern left, let us remain the post-left. I am not convinced by what is ultimately the Fukuyama-vs-Derrida paradigm. Žižek and Badiou were at least a break with that and theorists like Jodi Dean have the correct orientation. Little wonder she lost her job.”
The same day, Dustin Guastella published on Jacobin an article titled “The Immortal Ghost of Karl Marx.”4 Its primary purpose is to refute two essays by Joseph Heath that proclaim the end of Marxism. The article makes little mention of Jacques Derrida’s only direct engagement with the topic of communism, Specters of Marx, but instead attributes emphasis on the “spectral or supernatural” aspect of the Marxist legacy to “moderate conservatives” who fear its return.5 Liberals, for their part, and according to Guastella, think that Marxism is dead and cannot return, but must nevertheless produce accounts about why Marxism has returned. Guastella seems to agree with Chris Cutrone’s account of the Death of the Millennial Left, but without any engagement with his ideas either.6 He rejects the claim that social democrats do not need Marxism on the view that many Marxists became reformists after Marx’s death and that without Marx there would be no welfare capitalism. Marx is therefore necessary to “the great advances in social democratic reform that liberals now take for granted.” And so, what Guastella takes away from liberals like Heath, however, he also takes away from communists, whose commitment to Marxism is satirized as a “religious faith in the coming revolutionary crisis.” This of course is not Marxist in the least, but rather a mechanical application of Marxist concepts, in this instance, as a form of teleology, which is a conviction that one does not find in Marx and Engels, despite their efforts to understand the principles and laws of socio-economic development. The structure of the argument is also similar to the post-structuralist move mentioned previously, with Marx acting as a Jamesonian vanishing mediator between communists and liberals. For Guastella, Marxism retains its explanatory power but not its political import – i.e. its utopian or idealist dimension. As for Derrida, his followers are said to be unable “to explain themselves in plain language let alone anything that goes on in the real world.” To suggest that the followers of Writing and Difference should explain themselves in plain language is like demanding that a poet to write prose.7 One might not be surprised to hear this from a social democrat who has no interest in the ultimate overcoming of capitalism. These Derrideans are thriving, Guastella thinks, while vulgar Marxists (like himself?) are an endangered species. Somewhere in all this there is the conjecture that John Rawls is believed to have killed Western Marxism. And here we were, thinking it was Gabriel Rockhill who had achieved this final coup de grace.
In the essay “Intellectuals, Not Gadflies,” Žižek refers to a long tradition of philistinism that views intellectuals as given to radical ideas to supplement their wimpy existence.8 Those Marxists who continue to defend Marx’s ideas are the worse since taken to the extreme, they could lead to communism. Because of this, G.K. Chesterton recommended that society establish a corps of philosophy police to prevent the outbreak of conspiracies among political dissidents, which could begin with something as simple as a book of poetry. The charge against Marxists is that the philosophical notion of totality has led leftists towards political totalitarianism. The philosophy police would generate chatter about people no one has even heard about, like Joseph Heath and Robert Tally, to prevent talk that could upset the foundations liberal society. Žižek proposes that the solution to the creation of such a cadre – which in other respects are those who maintain the conditions necessary for free and open dialogue – is to generate intellectual provocations that raise unpleasant questions, for example, about the condition of the working class in U.S. and abroad, without proposing concrete solutions. He gives as an example Wendy Brown’s critique of wokeism as a universal liberal rhetoric with deep attachments to the notion of truth and human rights discourse. For Brown, the cure to this is an anti-democratic, or homeopathic, process of deconstructive self-questioning that avoids the suturing of meaning and the development of a pragmatic political programme. Unlike the wokesters who have recently sought to “apply” postmodern ideas in their quixotic quests for social justice, as Helen Pluckrose and James Lindsay argue, theory she thinks should remain an obscure practice that renders problems visible without any further investments.9 In aesthetic terms, one should practice something like social realism but not socialist realism. The two Palestine solidarity songs created by the rapper Macklemore are examples of this kind of cathartic idealism in the service of a good cause. Since most leftists in the U.S. do not believe in an alternative to capitalism, either in the short or the long term, the spectre of Marx can indefinitely perform the task that the journalist Briahna Joy Gray would give it, which is a lever with which to move the Overton window a little further to the centre left. Political contestation is limited to a democratic form of nihilistic virtue signalling.
The Lacanian dimension of the Real that Žižek wishes to identify in Jameson, which is not a matter of historicizing the scholar, his work, or the culture that produced them, is also located in the idea of communism. This marks a distinction from those postmodern ideas like Derrida’s and Deleuze’s that distinguish between critique and involvement. This comes around to the role of an imagined big Other who would bring some coherence, or truth, to social struggles. Philosophical police would see to it that no such organ is established. Žižek here rejects the postmodern withdrawal into subjectivized aesthetics of the neoliberal new philosophers. It brings him to address the distinction between an authentic event and an inauthentic event. The October 7 attack by Hamas, one could argue, is an inauthentic event, however dreadful, and quite unlike the retribution meted out by the Israeli regime in Gaza, Lebanon and Iran. This distinction between an authentic and an inauthentic event is aligned by Žižek with the distinction between Alain Badiou’s definition of an (authentic) event, and Deleuze’s definition of an (inauthentic) evental surface and process of subjective becoming.
Zionist racist supremacy and the subjugation of Palestinians, Lebanese, Syrians, Yemenis and Iranians is a false solution to the problems of global capitalism. Unlike the “axis of resistance,” and because they are focused on narrow self-interest, the Israeli regime does not arrive at the properly formal level of an evental rupture. This also marks the distinction between the utopian dimension that Jameson reads in literature and the hauntings of Marx that Derrida reads in contemporary European history, both of which are outside the prevailing capitalist democracy. If political liberalism represented a radical break with feudalism, the Marxist universality of the proletariat represented the same with regard to bourgeois democracy. Because the current axis of resistance that is opposed to the fascist drift of the U.S., the E.U., NATO and the autocratic West seeks the creation of a territory and the liberation of the downtrodden from the death grip of the conspiracy against it, it will without question find its true artists, intellectuals and political leaders.
Notes
1. Robert T. Tally, Jr., “The Fredric Jameson I Knew,” Jacobin (September 27, 2024), https://jacobin.com/2024/09/fredric-jameson-philosophy-marxism-obituary.
2. Slavoj Žižek, “Larger Than Life,” substack (September 24, 2024), https://substack.com/@slavojzizek/p-149486644.
3. Sublation Media with Douglas Lain, “Žižek and Emergency Capitalism,” YouTube (September 27, 2024), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gjeoxV6Owg. See also Fabio Vighi and Heiko Feldner, Žižek: Beyond Foucault(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007).
4. Dustin Guastella, “The Immortal Ghost of Karl Marx,” Jacobin (September 30, 2024), https://jacobin.com/2024/09/marx-socialism-liberals-class-conflict. One of Heath’s articles was previously discussed by Vivek Chibber in Nick French, “No, Liberalism Hasn’t Buried Marxism,” Jacobin (September 14, 2024), https://jacobin.com/2024/09/liberalism-marxism-cohen-rawls-workers.
5. Jacques Derrida, Specters of Marx: The Sate of Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International (London: Routledge, 1993).
6. Chris Cutrone, The Death of the Millennial Left: Interventions 2006-2022 (Portland: Sublation Media, 2023).
7. Jacques Derrida, Writing and Difference, trans. Alan Bass (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1967/1978).
8. Slavoj Žižek, “Intellectuals, Not Gadflies,” Critical Inquiry #34 (Winter 2008), S21.
9. Helen Pluckrose and James Lindsay, Cynical Theories: How Activist Scholarship Made Everything About Race, Gender, and Identity – And Why This Harms Everybody (Durham: Pitchstone Publishing, 2020).